Analysis of clinical characteristics and warning factors in SARS-CoV-2 variants infection / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective To investigate the influence of the variation of SARS-CoV-2 on the clinical feature, and to provide early warning signs for the variation of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical work. Methods From Jan 2, 2021 to Jun 30, 2021, a total of 105 COVID-19 patients were included in the study using a case-control method. Nasal swab samples were collected from the study subjects, the viral genes were sequenced, and patients were divided into Delta variant group and non-Delta variant group according to their gene sequences. Clinically relevant data were collected from the two groups, and indicators such as days of hospitalization, age distribution, lymphocytes, neutrophils, B lymphocytes, NK cells, IL-4, and IL-10 were compared; subgroup analysis was performed based on the number of days of viral negativity in the study subjects as the basis for grouping, and differences in immunological characteristics were compared, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, B lymphocytes, NK cells, IL-4, IL-10, etc. Results The theoretical hospitalization days of Delta variant group were (22.2±8.33) d, which were significantly longer than (17.6±10.50) d of non-Delta variant group (t=2.396, P<0.05). The total lymphocyte count and IL-4 of Delta variant group were (1.22±0.86) ×109/L and (0.80±0.23) ng/mL, which were significantly lower than corresponding (1.91±0.70) ×109/L and (1.59±0.59) ng/mL of non-Delta variant group (t=4.329, 9.072, P<0.05), while IL-10 was (7.16±7.77) ng/mL, which was significantly higher than (4.26±3.91) ng/mL of non-Delta mutation group (t=1.980, P<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that the total lymphocyte count and IL-4 concentration in Delta variant group were (1.04±0.60) ×109/L and (0.74±0.25) ng/ml, which were significantly lower than corresponding (1.62±0.56) ×109/L and (1.56±0.52) ng/mL in non-Delta variant group, in patients with delayed discharge (P<0.05). Conclutions SARS-CoV-2 variant has an impact on clinical manifestations. The patient's B cell count and IL-10 concentration increased or IL-2 and IL-4 concentration decreased within 12 hours of admission indicated variant virus infection. The decrease of total lymphocyte count, especially T lymphocyte reduction, strongly suggests discharge delay due to viral clearance disorder.

Cuidado humanizado de personal de enfermería y satisfacción del paciente hospitalizado por dengue con signos de alarma / Humanized care of nursing staff and satisfaction of patients hospitalized for dengue with warning signs

El dengue, infección vírica transmitida por Aedes aegypti, puede evolucionar a cuadros clínicos grave. En pacientes con signos de alerta, es necesario el monitoreo constante de los signos vitales, requiriendo hospitalización. El personal de enfermería ha sido considerado clave en los algoritmos de abordaje de estos pacientes. Por lo que, el buen desempeño de atención y una relación armoniosa con el paciente, puede ser indispensable. La humanización de los cuidados es imperativa para contribuir a salvaguardar la dignidad humana en armonía con los principios bioéticos. Por tanto, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura con el propósito de identificar el estado del arte sobre el cuidado humanizado de enfermería y su relación con la satisfacción del paciente hospitalizado. Se identificaron 50 artículos relacionados con las variables de investigación. Los resultados señalan a la escala en la medición del cuidado humano transpersonal basada en la teoría Watson, como las más frecuente; asimismo, el cuestionario de satisfacción del paciente con la calidad de la atención de enfermería, como el método más utilizado. En cuanto a los elementos del cuidado de enfermería se agrupan en dos dimensiones; cuidado humanizado y praxis. Finalmente, los pacientes asocian calidad de servicio con satisfacción al usuario, percibiendo de manera positiva la humanización de los cuidados. Se recomienda implementar estrategias e identificar puntos críticos de la atención, planes de mejoras y capacitación para la sensibilización del personal de enfermería hacía un buen trato al paciente, desde un abordaje holístico e integral(AU)

Dengue, a viral infection transmitted by Aedes aegypti, can evolve into severe clinical pictures. In patients with warning signs, constant monitoring of vital signs is necessary, requiring hospitalization. The nursing staff has been considered key in the approach algorithms for these patients. Therefore, good care performance and a harmonious relationship with the patient may be essential. The humanization of care is imperative to help safeguard human dignity in harmony with bioethical principles. Therefore, a systematic review of the literature was carried out with the purpose of identifying the state of the art on humanized nursing care and its relationship with the satisfaction of the hospitalized patient. 50 articles related to the research variables were identified. The results point to the scale in the measurement of transpersonal human care based on Watson's theory, as the most frequent; likewise, the patient satisfaction questionnaire with the quality of nursing care, as the most used method. Regarding the elements of nursing care, they are grouped into two dimensions; humanized care and praxis. Finally, patients associate quality of service with user satisfaction, positively perceiving the humanization of care. It is recommended to implement strategies and identify critical points of care, improvement plans and training to sensitize nursing staff towards good patient treatment, from a holistic and comprehensive approach(AU)

Usefulness of warning signs in the management of dengue patients / Utilidad de los signos de alarma en la atención de pacientes con dengue

Introduction: The dengue case classifications proposed by World Health Organization (WHO, 2009) include warning signs (WS) for recognizing early progression of disease toward the critical phase. Objective: To analyze the usefulness WS and challenges of the 2009 WHO dengue case classification in preventing and managing severe dengue cases. Methods: Data from 1439 adult patients diagnosed as dengue cases (2001-2002, 2006, 2012) at the Pedro Kourí Institute Hospital, in Havana Cuba, was revised. The WS were described and their predictive utility was considered in preventing shock in these patients with the use of crystalloids by calculating the sensitivity, specificity and positive / negative predictive values using both the 1997 and 2009 WHO dengue case classifications. Results: Plasma-leakage with shock was the main clinical form of severe dengue (95.3 percent). All severe cases due to plasma leakage had WS. The most frequent WS were mucosal bleeding (926 cases; 64.4 percent), frequent vomiting (361; 39.0 percent), abdominal pain or tenderness (404; 35.5 percent) and prostration (408; 28.4 percent). Mucosal bleeding and abdominal pain were good predictors of severity, appearing one day before shock. More than 75 percent of patients without WS there were not severe dengue. Most patients with warning signs were managed correctly and had an uneventful recovery. Conclusions: Identifying the WS recommended by WHO 2009 classification for crystalloid intravenous fluid treatment was crucial for the successful outcome of dengue cases(AU)

Introducción: La clasificación de dengue propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en el 2019 incluye los signos de alarma (SA) para reconocer la rápida progresión de la enfermedad a la fase crítica. Objetivo: Analizar la utilidad de los SA y los retos de la clasificación de la OMS de 2009 para la prevención y manejo de los casos graves de dengue. Métodos: Se obtuvo información de 1439 pacientes adultos diagnosticados como casos de dengue (años: 2001-2002, 2006, 2012) en el Hospital del Instituto Pedro Kourí, en La Habana, Cuba. Se describieron los SA y se consideró su utilidad en la prevención del choque con el uso de soluciones cristaloides mediante el cálculo de la sensibilidad, especificidad y los valores positivo y negativo a partir de las clasificaciones de la OMS de 1997 y 2009. Resultados: La extravasación de plasma con choque fue la forma clínica principal del dengue grave (95,3 por ciento). Todos los casos graves debido a extravasación de plasma manifestaron SA. Los SA más frecuentes fueron el sangrado de mucosas (926 casos; 64,4 por ciento), los vómitos frecuentes (361; 39,0 por ciento), el dolor abdominal espontáneo o a la palpación (404; 35,5 por ciento) y la postración (408; 28,4 por ciento). El sangrado de mucosas y el dolor abdominal fueron buenos predictores de gravedad (aparecieron un día antes del choque). Más del 75 por ciento de los pacientes sin SA no tenían dengue grave. La mayoría de los pacientes con SA fueron tratados correctamente y se recuperaron sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: La identificación de SA recomendada por la clasificación de OMS de 2009 para el tratamiento con cristaloides fue crucial para la evolución exitosa de los casos de dengue(AU)

Cancer awareness & its association with demographic variables & mobile phone usage among the rural population of a district in north India

Background & objectives: Lack of awareness is one of the major reasons for the high morbidity and mortality associated with cancers. The present study was aimed to evaluate the awareness of prevalent cancers among the rural population in a district of north India and its association specifically with mobile phone usage. Methods: Using a stratified random sampling technique, households in three villages of Gautam Buddh Nagar district of India were selected. A house-to-house survey on cancer awareness was conducted among adults in selected households and data were analyzed to check for the association of such an awareness with sociodemographic factors and internet usage. Results: The study included 59 males and 145 females, with majority (115) being in the age group of 18-30 yr. Although most (96.5%) of the participants were aware of cancer, the common risk factors and warning signs of cancer were known to only a few. Specific risk factors for cervical and breast cancers were, however, not known to a majority (79.9% and 72.2%). A significant association between the awareness of general risk factors and warning signs as well as specific aspects including risk factors for breast, cervical and oral cancer, HPV vaccine and the education level of the participants (P<0.05 for all). Knowledge of risk factors, warning signs and cancer prevention modalities was higher among mobile phone users who accessed internet for health information. There was no significant association between age group and cancer risk factor awareness, though females were more aware of the risk factors for breast cancer (P=0.002). Interpretation & conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the existing low level of awareness of cervical and breast cancers among the rural population. The association of cancer awareness with education level and mobile phone-based internet usage suggests the potential utility of internet-based platforms such as m-health programmes for cancer prevention activities

Descripción clínica de niños fallecidos por dengue hemorrágico durante la epidemia cubana de 1981

RESUMEN Introducción: El dengue es una importante arbovirosis en términos de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a un grupo de fallecidos con dengue hemorrágico menores de 15 años durante la epidemia cubana de 1981. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo en una muestra de 67 pacientes. La información se extrajo de las historias clínicas. Resultados: La mayor parte de los pacientes estudiados tenían entre 3 y 10 años de edad, con similar distribución entre ambos sexos, de color de piel blanca en su mayoría, normopesos y con aparente estado de salud. Los síntomas predominantes fueron la fiebre, los vómitos y el sangramiento digestivo, que motivaron el ingreso a partir del 3er. día en la mayoría de las veces. El choque apareció generalmente entre el 4to. y 5to. día, precedido por los vómitos o el dolor abdominal y asociado al aumento del hematocrito y la trombocitopenia. Los referidos signos clínicos de alarma y otros menos frecuentes fueron capaces de anunciar el choque. Los signos radiográficos más encontrados fueron la opacidad y el derrame pleural derecho; en las necropsias predominó el sangramiento gastrointestinal, el derrame seroso y la necrosis hepática medio zonal. Conclusiones: La caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de los casos fallecidos por dengue durante la primera epidemia sufrida en la región de las Américas ha permitido conocer la evolución de la enfermedad y contribuido a la elaboración de las guías para su atención y tratamiento efectivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dengue is an important arbovirus in terms of morbidity and mortality. Objective: Characterize clinically and epidemiologically a group of deceased with hemorrhagic dengue under 15 years of age during the Cuban epidemic of 1981. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study in a sample of 67 patients. The information was extracted from medical records. Results: Most of the patients studied were between 3 and 10 years old, with similar distribution between both sexes, mostly white skin, normal weight and with apparent good state of health. The predominant symptoms were fever, vomiting and digestive bleeding, which motivated admission at the 3rd day in most cases. The shock usually appeared between the 4th. and 5th. day, preceded by vomiting or abdominal pain, and associated with increased hematocrit and thrombocytopenia. The most commonly found radiographic signs were opacity and right pleural effusion ; necropsies, gastrointestinal bleeding, serous effusion and zonal mid-hepatic necrosis predominated. Conclusions: The clinical-epidemiological study of the cases that died from dengue during the first epidemic suffered in the region of the Americas has made it possible to know the evolutionary particularities of the disease and contributed to the elaboration of guidelines for its care and effective treatment.

Comportamiento de ingresos por dengue en el Servicio de Pediatría. Cárdenas, 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: el dengue es, de todas las enfermedades trasmitidas por vectores, la de mayor importancia, y constituye una prioridad de la salud pública. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de ingresos por dengue en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital General Docente Julio M. Aristegui Villamil, del municipio Cárdenas, en la provincia de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo, en el período de enero a diciembre de 2019. El universo estuvo conformado por 779 casos que requirieron ingreso hospitalario, estudiándose de forma intencional la totalidad de la población comprendida entre los 4 y 18 años. Las variables estudiadas fueron: distribución de los casos ingresados por meses del año, grupo de edad, sexo y signos de alarma. Resultados: los meses de mayores ingresos fueron agosto (26,5 %) y julio (26,3 %), predominando el grupo de 15 a 18 años (43 %). Se observaron signos de alarma en 62 niños (8 %); la mayor frecuencia fue en el grupo de 15 a 18 años (50,0 %), con predominio en el sexo masculino (53,2 %). El dolor abdominal fue el síntoma de alarma más frecuente (70,9 %). Conclusiones: la mayor incidencia de casos de dengue se presentó en los meses de agosto y julio, en el grupo de edad de 15 a 18 años y en el sexo masculino. Poco menos de la décima parte presentó signos de alarma, correspondiendo la mitad de estos al grupo de edad de 15 a 18 años. La señal de alarma que prevaleció fue el dolor abdominal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: dengue is, among the vector-transmitted diseases, the most important one, and is a public health priority. Objective: to characterize dengue admissions behavior in the Pediatrics Service of the General Teaching Hospital Julio M. Aristegui Villamil, of the municipality of Cardenas, in the province of Matanzas. Materials and methods: a retrospective descriptive study was conducted in the period from January to December 2019. The universe was formed by 779 cases that were admitted in the hospital; the entire population between 4 and 18 years was intentionally studied. The variables studied were the distribution of the admitted cases by months of the year, age group, sex and warning signs. Results: the highest admission months were August (26.5 %) and July (26.3 %), predominating the 15-18 years age-group (43.0 %). Warning signs were observed in 62 children (8 %); the highest frequency was found in the 15-18 years group (50 %), with predominance in the male sex (53.2 %). Abdominal pain was the most frequent warning sign (70.9 %). Conclusions: the highest incidence of dengue cases occurred in August and July, in the 15-18 years age group and in the male sex. Less than a tenth part showed warning signs, half of them corresponding to the 15-18 years age group. The prevailing warning sign was abdominal pain.

Correlation of Cardiac manifestations In Dengue

Objectives: This study was done to study the prevalence of cardiac manifestations of dengue fever in patients presenting to our hospital and to find out the correlation of cardiac manifestations with the warning signs of dengue infection The study was conducted at Government Villupuram Medical College and Hospital,a tertiary careMethods: hospital in the month of July to December 2021. One hundred consecutive patients aged 15 years or more with positive dengue serology were interviewed and examined. ECG was done for all patients and selected patients underwent echo evaluation and troponin testing. The data was analyzed using statistical significance tests Thirty-three patientsResults: had no warning signs, 59 patients had one warning sign or the other. Eight patients had severe dengue. The minimum pulse rate was 32/ minute. The most common cardiac abnormalities noted were rhythm abnormalities of which the commonest was sinus bradycardia, found in 34 percent. There was statistically significant correlation between cardiac manifestations and all the warning signs except persistent vomiting. Among severe dengue, fluid accumulation causing respiratory distress was found to have a significant correlation with the cardiac manifestations The mostConclusions: common cardiac manifestations noted were transient rhythm abnormalities, of which sinus bradycardia was the commonest. There was no evidence of Myocarditis in any of the patients .There was statistically significant correlation between cardiac manifestations and all the warning signs except persistent vomiting. Among severe dengue, fluid accumulation causing respiratory distress was found to have a significant correlation with the cardiac manifestations.

Knowledge of Breast Cancer Among Urban Women in the South of Peninsular Malaysia

@#Introduction: : Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer globally and it is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Malaysian women. Increasing women knowledge of BC and breast self-examination (BSE) leads to increased compliance in early diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge on BC and its association with socio-demographic characteristics among urban women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 270 urban women in the South of Peninsular Malaysia using the adapted Breast Cancer Awareness Measure. Data were analyzed through SPSS software version 26.0. Results: Of the participants, 53.7% (n=145) had poor knowledge of BC warning signs, 50.7% (n=137) of BSE and 55.6% (n=150) of risk factors. High education was associated with better BC knowledge on warning signs (p=0.006) and risk factors (p=0.048). Chinese women have poor BC knowledge on warning signs (p=0.005) and BSE (p<0.001) than other ethnicities. Age (p=0.024) and marital status (p=0.028) were statistically significant with BC knowledge on breast self-examination (BSE) while family history of BC (p=0.019) and duration of seeking medical advice (p=0.041) were associated with BC knowledge on the risk factor. Conclusion: The findings of this study may give insight into effective health education strategies for urban women concerning breast cancer awareness.

Clinical features of hereditary angioedema and warning signs (H4AE) for its identification

Abstract Objectives The study describes a case series of hereditary angioedema with C1 Inhibitor Deficiency (C1INH-HAE) in order to corroborate six clinical warning signs "HAAAAE (H4AE)" to enable early identification of this disease. Methods The authors analyzed the C1INH-HAE cohort to analyze the clinical aspects of the present study's patients and corroborate the six clinical warning signs of the Hereditary Angioedema Brazilian Guidelines. Data regarding demographics, the onset of disease, time to diagnosis, frequency of attacks per year, organs involved, triggers, crisis duration and their outcomes, and disease treatment were collected. Then the authors developed an acronym, H4AE, to help healthcare professionals remember the warning signs. Results The authors included 98 patients in the study, with a mean age of 38.1 years, 67.3% being female, and 75.3% with a family history of HAE. HAE diagnosis was delayed, on average, 13.7 years after its initial manifestation. Exploratory laparotomy was reported by 26.9%, and orotracheal intubation by 21.3% of the present study's patients; 61.3% and 30.3% of them were admitted at least once in the hospital and in the intensive care unit, respectively. The authors constructed an acronym "H4AE" with the six warning signs of HAE: Hereditary, recurrent Angioedema, Abdominal pain, Absence of urticaria, Absence of response to antihistamines, Estrogen association. Conclusion C1INH-HAE is still underdiagnosed and associated with high morbidity. The study showed clinical features of this disease, corroborating the warning signs, which may be useful in raising awareness and improving the diagnosis of C1INH-HAE. The authors suggest the acronym "H4AE" to remind the warning signs.

Conocimiento de signos de alarmas y síntomas de la enfermedad de COVID-19 en la población de Lima, Perú / Knowledge about warning signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in the population of Lima, Peru

Introducción: La COVID-19 es una enfermedad altamente contagiosa, que puede llegar a tener una tasa elevada de mortalidad en las personas con comorbilidades, por lo que se considera como un problema de salud pública en el mundo. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimientos de los signos de alarma y síntomas de la COVID-19 en la población de Lima, Perú. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal. Según criterios de selección se tuvo una muestra de 307 pacientes en la ciudad de Lima, captados a través de una encuesta virtual realizada entre el 15/06/2020 y el 08/07/2020. El instrumento fue validado por juicio de expertos y Kr-20 (0,71). Para análisis bivariado se utilizó el chi-cuadro y para diferencias de medias en el conocimiento se usó la prueba estadística Kruskal-Wallis y U de Mann-Whitney, por tener una distribución no paramétrica (Kolmogorov-Smirnov: p < 0,05). Se consideró un intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento y un valor de p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes fue de 37,5 ± 13,5 años. La prevalencia del pobre conocimiento fue de 48,2 por ciento El signo de alarma que más identificó la población fue la disnea. El 55 por ciento de población conocía al menos un signo de alarma. Los síntomas que más reconoció la población fueron: pérdida del gusto, fiebre, cefalea y dolor de garganta. Las mujeres identificaban mejor los signos de alarma comparado a los hombres (p < 0,05). Las personas con un trabajo independiente y con educación secundaria tuvieron problemas en identificar los signos de alarma de la COVID-19 (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Cerca de la mitad de la población estudiada tenía un pobre conocimiento sobre los signos de alarma y síntomas de la COVID-19. La disnea fue el signo de alarma que la población identificó más(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19 is a highly infectious disease which may cause great mortality among people with comorbidities. It is thus considered to be a global public health problem. Objective: Evaluate the level of knowledge about warning signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in the population of Lima, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. In compliance with the selection criteria, a sample of 307 patients was obtained through a virtual survey applied in the city of Lima from 15 June to 8 July 2020. The tool was validated by expert judgment and Kr-20 (0.71). Bivariate analysis was based on the chi-square test, and the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests were used for differences in knowledge means, in view of their non-parametric distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov: p < 0.05). A confidence interval of 95 percent and a value of p < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: Mean age of participants was 37.5 ± 13.5 years. Prevalence of poor knowledge was 48.2 percent. The warning sign most commonly identified by the population was dyspnea. Of the population surveyed, 55 percent knew of at least one warning sign. The symptoms most frequently recognized by the population were loss of taste, fever, headache and a sore throat. Women were better than men identifying warning signs (p < 0.05). People with an independent job and secondary education had difficulty identifying COVID-19 warning signs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Nearly half of the population studied had poor knowledge about the warning signs and symptoms of COVID-19. Dyspnea was the warning sign most commonly identified by the population(AU)

Signos de alarma en pacientes con paludismo importado por Plasmodium falciparum / Warning signs in patients with imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria

Introducción: El paludismo es una enfermedad febril aguda potencialmente mortal causada por parásitos que se transmiten al ser humano por la picadura de mosquitos del género Anopheles. De los 214 millones de casos de paludismo registrados en 2016, la mayoría de ellos se producen en niños menores de cinco años en África subsahariana. La mortalidad está dada por la presencia de sus complicaciones que deben ser detectadas y tratadas precozmente. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de signos de alarma, y determinar su relación con otras variables clínicas y de laboratorio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 47 pacientes adultos con paludismo por Plasmodium falciparum importado, ingresados en el Departamento de Medicina del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, desde enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2018. Los datos fueron procesados en una base de datos en Microsoft Excel y luego analizados en el programa estadístico SPSS 11,5. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino, con una media de edad de 35,9 años. Fue significativa la relación existente entre los signos de alarma y la severidad del cuadro clínico, la hiperparasitemia, el supuesto estado no inmune de los pacientes, trombocitopenia y la demora en el ingreso. La respuesta al tratamiento es excelente con los esquemas combinados utilizados a base de quinina. Conclusiones: Los signos de alarma, dentro de los cuales podemos incluir la trombocitopenia, constituyen elementos importantes para poder prevenir futuras complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: Malaria is an acute potentially fatal febrile disease caused by parasites transmitted to humans through the bite of mosquitoes from the genus Anopheles. Most of the 214 million malaria cases reported in the year 2016 were children aged under five years from Sub-Saharan Africa. Mortality is due to the presence of complications which should be detected and treated timely. Objective: Identify the presence of warning signs and determine their relationship to other clinical and laboratory variables. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted of 47 adult patients with imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria admitted to the Medicine Department of Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute from January 2016 to December 2018. The data obtained were processed in a Microsoft Excel database and then analyzed with the statistical software SPSS 11.5. Results: Male patients prevailed, with a mean age of 35.9 years. A significant relationship was found between warning signs and severity of the clinical status, hyperparasitemia, the supposed non-immune status of patients, thrombocytopenia and admission delay. An excellent response was obtained to treatment with combined quinine-based schemes. Conclusions: Warning signs, among them thrombocytopenia, are important to prevent future complications(AU)

Correlación de parámetros antropométricos predictores del riesgo de aparición de diabetes mellitus / Correlation of the anthropometric parameters predictors of emerging risk for diabetes mellitus

Introducción: Existen parámetros antropométricos predictivos del riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus que pueden correlacionarse, tal como el índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, el perímetro de la cintura y el porcentaje de grasa visceral. Objetivo: Establecer el riesgo potencial de padecer diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 mediante la correlación de indicadores y medidas antropométricas aplicables a la población local. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, transversal, observacional y analítico de 118 individuos jóvenes, en la Universidad Católica de Córdoba, en Córdoba, Argentina, durante el mes de septiembre de 2019, en el cual se aplicó el FINnish Diabetes Risk Score, tomando además como indicadores los porcentajes de grasa corporal y de grasa visceral. En el análisis estadístico de las variables cuantitativas y cualitativas se utilizaron el promedio y la desviación estándar como medidas descriptivas; asimismo, se aplicaron las pruebas de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y de Kolmogorow-Smirnov y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para probar las hipótesis estadísticas planteadas. Resultados: Se encontró que la mayoría de la población era de bajo riesgo y la correlación entre el índice de masa corporal y la grasa corporal que se ajustaba era Y=1,18X+4,06; donde Y fue el porcentaje de grasa corporal y X el índice de masa corporal. Para correlacionar el perímetro de la cintura y el porcentaje de grasa visceral se ajustaban Y=0,21X-10,21 para hombres y Y=0,17X-7,84 para mujeres, donde Y fue el porcentaje de grasa visceral y X el perímetro de la cintura. Conclusiones: El conocimiento del estado de salud de una población lleva a la capacitación y asistencia para el autocuidado y la adquisición de hábitos saludables, que contribuyan a una adultez con calidad de vida.

Introduction: There are risk anthropometric predictors parameters of suffering from diabetes mellitus that can be correlated, such as the body mass index, body fat percentage, waist perimeter and visceral fat percentage. Objective: To establish the potential risk of suffering from type2 diabetes mellitus by means of the correlation of indicators and anthropometric measures applicable to a local population. Methods: An epidemiological, cross-sectional, observational and analytic study of 118 young individuals was carried out in the Catholic University of Córdoba, in Córdoba, Argentina, during the month of September, 2019, in which the FINnish Diabetes Risk Score was implemented, the body fat and visceral fat percentages were also taken as warning signs. In the statistical analysis of the quantitative and qualitative variables the average and the standard deviation were used as descriptive measures; also, the Shapiro-Wilks and Kolmogorow-Smirnov normality tests and the Spearman correlation test were implemented to prove the outlined statistical hypotheses. Results: It was found that it was a low risk population and the correlation between the body mass index and the body fat that was adjusted was Y=1.18X+4.06; where Y was the body fat percentage and X the body mass index. To correlate the waist perimeter and the visceral fat percentage Y=0,21X-10,21 for men and Y=0,17X-7,84 for women were adjusted, where Y was the visceral fat percentage and X the waist perimeter. Conclusions: The knowledge of the population health condition leads to the training and assistance for the selfcare and to the acquisition of healthy habits that contribute to an adulthood with life quality.

Development of the PSI: A phone interview for screening for Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) symptoms / Desenvolvimento da PSI: Uma entrevista telefônica para detecção de sintomas de Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) / Desarrollo de la PSI: Una entrevista telefónica para la detección de los síntomas del Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA)

The research describes the development of the Phone Screening Interview (PSI) for screening for Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) symptoms. Thirty-seven parents of ASD children (2 to 12 years old) from the Applied Psychology Service of PUC-Rio were interviewed. The children were evaluated by psychiatrists and the CARS scale was applied to determine the severity of the disorder. Multivariate descriptive and inferential statistical analyses (ANOVA and hierarchical clusters) were performed. The results indicate that performance in PSI is invariant regarding age, education, severity, and linguistic and motor development. Cluster analysis for variables uncovered a grouping of social communication symptoms and another of stereotyped pattern ones. Cluster analysis of parents' responses in PSI found two groups that differ in the degree of difficulty in communication and social skills. In conclusion, PSI is shown as: (1) easy to apply; (2) brief; (3) encompassing a broad age range (2 to 12 years); (4) applicable to mild to moderate ASD symptoms; (5) including verbal and nonverbal children; (6) consistent with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The study discusses the accuracy of the caregiver's perception regarding signs of ASD, as well as the heterogeneity of the ASD phenotype.

A pesquisa descreve o desenvolvimento da Phone Screening Interview (PSI) para detecção telefônica de sintomas do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Trinta e sete pais de crianças (2 a 12 anos) com TEA do Serviço de Psicologia Aplicada da PUC-Rio foram entrevistados. As crianças foram avaliadas por psiquiatras e a escala CARS foi aplicada para determinar a gravidade do transtorno. Análises estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais multivariadas (ANOVA e conglomerados hierárquicos) foram realizadas. Os resultados apontam que o desempenho na PSI não varia em função da idade, escolaridade, gravidade e desenvolvimento linguístico ou motor. A análise de conglomerado para variáveis mostrou um agrupamento de sintomas de comunicação social e outro de padrão estereotipado. A análise de conglomerado das respostas dos pais na PSI mostrou dois grupos que diferem no grau de dificuldade nas habilidades comunicativas e sociais. Concluindo, a PSI mostrou-se: (1) de fácil aplicação; (2) breve; (3) abrangendo faixa etária ampla (2 a 12 anos); (4) aplicável a sintomas de TEA leves a moderados; (5) incluindo crianças verbais e não verbais; (6) consistente com os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-5. O estudo discute a precisão da percepção do cuidador quanto aos sintomas de alerta centrais, bem como a heterogeneidade do fenótipo de TEA.

La investigación describe el desarrollo de la Phone Screening Interview (PSI) para la detección telefónica de los síntomas de los Trastornos del Espectro Autista (TEA). Se entrevistó a 37 padres de niños (de 2 a 12 años) con TEA del Servicio de Psicología Aplicada de la PUC-Rio. Los niños fueron evaluados por psiquiatras y se aplicó la escala CARS para definir la gravedad del trastorno. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales multivariados (ANOVA y conglomerados jerárquicos). Los resultados muestran que el rendimiento en la PSI no varía según la edad, la educación, la gravedad y el desarrollo lingüístico o motor. El análisis de conglomerado para las variables mostró una agrupación de los síntomas de los medios de comunicación y otra de los patrones estereotipados. El análisis de conglomerado de las respuestas de los padres en la PSI mostró dos grupos que difieren en el grado de dificultad en las habilidades sociales y de comunicación. En conclusión, la PSI resultó: (1) fácil de aplicar; (2) breve; (3) con amplio rango de edad (2 a 12 años); (4) aplicable a síntomas de TEA de leves a moderados; (5) incluyendo niños verbales y no verbales; (6) consistente con los criterios de diagnóstico del DSM-5. El estudio discute la exactitud de la percepción del cuidador respecto a los síntomas centrales de alerta, además de la heterogeneidad del fenotipo de TEA.

Nivel de conocimiento sobre signos de alarma de infecciones respiratorias agudas en madres de niños menores de cinco años: servicio desconcentrado Hospital Universitario Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga / Level of knowledge about warning signs of acute respiratory infections in mothers of children under five years of age: deconcentrated service Dr. Agustín Zubillaga Pediatric University Hospital

Con el objetivo de determinar el nivel de conocimiento que poseen las madres sobre los signos de alarma de las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) en niños menores de 5 años que asistieron al Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Universitario Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga durante el mes de noviembre 2019, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 37 madres las cuales se caracterizaron por un promedio de edad de 29,2 ± 7,3 años, solteras (43,2%), con secundaria completa (27%) y empleadas (40,5%). El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue de 15,3 ± 6,2 meses, con predominio del sexo masculino (54%); durante el último año, 45,9% registraron entre 2-3 episodios de IRA. Sobre el nivel de conocimiento global de las madres en relación a los signos de alarma de las IRA se evidenció que en el 56,7% de las madres el nivel era regular. El nivel de conocimiento para las causas de las IRA fue insuficiente en el 48,6% de los casos. En relación a los signos de alarma de IRA identificadas por parte de las madres fueron, en orden de frecuencia, dificultad para respirar (91,8%), fiebre (81%), rechazo al alimento (78,3%) y respiración ruidosa (75,6%). En conclusión, es evidente que la mayoría de las madres conoce los principales signos de alarma de las IRA sin embargo se deben establecer estrategias de intervención destinadas a mejorar su conocimiento con el fin de que las madres reconozcan tempranamente los signos de alarma y por ende busquen atención en el momento oportuno(AU)

With the objective of determining the level of knowledge that mothers have about warning signs of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children under 5 years of age who attended the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Universitario Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga (November, 2019), a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out with 37 mothers with an average age of 29.2 ± 7.3 years, 43.2% were single, with completed secondary school (27%) and employed (40.5%). Average age of patients was 15.3 ± 6.2 months with male predominance (54%); during the previous year, 45.9% had between 2-3 episodes of ARI. Level of knowledge of mothers about global warning signs of ARI was regular in 56.76% of cases. Regarding causes of ARI, level of knowledge was insufficient in 48.6% of mothers. Warning signs of ARI identified by the mothers were, in order of frequency, difficulty in breathing (91.8%), fever (81%), food rejection (78.3%) and loud breathing loud (75.6%). In conclusion, it is clear that most mothers know the main warning signs of ARI however intervention strategies should be established to improve knowledge in order for mothers to recognize early warning signs and therefore seek attention in a timely manner(AU)

Predictors and Outcome of Severe Dengue Illness in Children.

Dengue fever has become a major public health concern during the last few years with an alarming increase in the incidence in 2017. The state of Kerala was one among the top of the list in India reported to have severe dengue infection. The two main districts in Kerala with high prevalence were Thiruvananthapuram and Palakkad, of which latter is the main referring area to our institution. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical and demographic profile of children affected with dengue fever and determine the predictors of severity.METHODSThis is a hospital based prospective study done at the Department of Paediatrics, Government Medical College, Trissur, during the Monsoon season in 2017. Children diagnosed to have Dengue fever and confirmed by NS1 Ag test or IgM Elisa were included. Children were classified into 3 clinical groups and compared. Comparison was also made in 2 groups as dengue with warning signs and severe dengue as per WHO 2015 clinical guidelines, to find out the predictors of severity. Qualitative data was analysed and expressed in proportions and quantitative data in mean and standard deviation. Chi-square (χ2) test was used to evaluate the association between qualitative variables and ANOVA for quantitative variables. p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis.RESULTSA total of 235 children were included. 77 children (32.9%) had mild dengue fever, 106 (45.29%) had DWS and 52 (22.22%) were having DSS). Mean age was 6.61± 3.497 years. 19 cases (8.2 %) were Infants below 1 year of age. Majority of children had normal nutritional status. Myalgia, tiredness, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, flushing, bleeding, oedema, hypotension, were found to be the common clinical manifestations. Thrombocytopenia, elevated serum hepatic enzymes both SGOT and SGPT, abnormal renal function tests, low sodium, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycaemia, abnormal radiological findings were found to be the predictors of severity. We had many cases of expanded dengue syndrome including 3 cases of Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The mortality was 0.6%.CONCLUSIONSDengue fever can affect children irrespective of their age or nutritional status. Older children and male sex were found to be more affected. There are definite clinical and lab parameters which can predict the severity in Dengue fever. Though severe illness is associated with high morbidity early diagnosis and timely appropriate clinical management, correction of dehydration along with proper referral system can save the children. The mortality can be reduced to zero even in patients having expanded dengue syndrome and Dengue shock syndrome. None of the comorbidities had affected the outcome.

A study on perception about antenatal care among primigravida attending a tertiary care hospital

Background: Maternal mortality rate and Infant mortality rate remains high in India when compared to several other countries. Understanding and being aware about the basic care provided during pregnancy is an important factor to make the pregnant woman to utilize the antenatal care. Hence this study was planned to assess the existing knowledge of primi gravid mothers attending the tertiary health care center about the various antenatal care services provided.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among the primi gravid females attending the outpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai during months of June 2018 to May 2019. A total of 280 primi gravid mothers were included in the study. Data was collected through one to one interview and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17.Results: In this study 82.9%, 70.4%, 80.7% of the mothers were aware about consumption of IFA tablets, TT injection and adequate ANC visits, respectively. PNDT act was known to 76.1% of the participants. Only 12.5% of the primi mothers were aware about Janani Suraksha Yojna (JSY) scheme and 91.8% of the mothers were aware about Dr. Muthulakshmi Maternity Benefit scheme.Conclusions: Knowledge about ANC services was found to be fair among the primi mothers but not sufficient, which shows the need for the healthcare professionals to educate young woman even from adolescent age itself.

Factors Associated with Poor Perceptions of Graphic Warning Signs (GWS) on Cigarette Package among Adult Smokers in Kelantan

@#Introduction: Initially, studies showed that graphic warning signs (GWSs) on cigarette packages encouraged smoking cessation. However, there have been recent concerns over the effectiveness of GWSs to change smoker perceptions and behavior over time. Our goals were to assess the latest perceptions of GWSs among smokers in Kelantan and to determine the factors associated with them. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among respondents who attended outpatient clinics in a teaching hospital in Kelantan. Their perceptions were analyzed with a validated Malay questionnaire containing four domains: fear, influence, credibility, and picture content. Results: The average smoking age was 17 (3.04) years old. The mean smoking time was 11 (7.49) years. The average daily cigarettes smoked was 8 (6.26). Most respondents perceived low levels of fear (83%), poor picture content (65.5%), low influence (87.6%), and low levels of credibility (70.1%) in GWSs. Those with low levels of education were significantly associated with poor perceptions of GWSs. Conclusion: Despite vigorous efforts by the government to discourage smoking in Kelantan, smokers still poorly perceive GWSs. More effective health-promotion strategies are essential to influence smokers in this area.

Caracterización clínica y de laboratorio en pacientes pediátricos en la etapa crítica del dengue / Clinical and laboratory characterization in pediatric patients at the critical stage of dengue

Introducción: El dengue es una enfermedad aguda, infecciosa, transmitida por el mosquito Aedes aegypti, que puede ser de variada intensidad y afecta fundamentalmente a la población pediátrica. Objetivo: Describir las manifestaciones clínicas y de laboratorio en la fase crítica del dengue en niños de un año o más. Método: Estudio de corte transversal. Se estudiaron 195 pacientes con diagnóstico de infección por dengue, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Pediátrico Docente del Cerro entre enero-diciembre de 2013. Los resultados se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas y relativas y rango. Para el análisis de la relación entre los diferentes síntomas y signos clínicos, se aplicó la prueba ji-cuadrada, con valores de p significativo menor de 0,005. Resultados: Los signos de alarma presentados con mayor frecuencia fueron el dolor abdominal, los vómitos y el sangramiento vaginal en las adolescentes femeninas. La mayoría clasificó como dengue no grave con signos de alarma. No se produjo ninguna defunción por esta causa. Conclusiones: La presentación clínica del dengue en los pacientes pediátricos examinados corrobora que existen síntomas y signos generales, así como signos de alarma que caracterizan la enfermedad; sin embargo los exámenes de laboratorio no apoyan las evidencias clínicas de dicha enfermedad. La prevalencia de las distintas formas graves de dengue fue baja, lo que apunta hacia una relación entre el manejo clínico precoz y una evolución satisfactoria y sugiere que el método clínico constituye una herramienta eficaz para la toma de decisiones(AU)

Introduction: Dengue is an acute infectious disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito, which can be of varying intensity and it mainly affects the children population. Objective: To describe clinical and laboratory manifestations in the critical phase of dengue in children of one year or more. Method: A cross-sectional study was performed with an analytical component. 195 patients diagnosed with dengue infection and admitted to the intensive care unit of the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Cerro were studied from January to December 2013. The results were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies, and range. For the analysis of the relationship between the different symptoms and clinical signs, the chi-square test was applied, with significant p-values of more less; 0.005. Results: Warning signs that appeared more frequently were abdominal pain vomiting and vaginal bleeding in female adolescents. Most of them classified as non-severe dengue with warning signs. No death was caused by this. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of dengue in the examined pediatric patients corroborates that there are general symptoms and signs, as well as signs of alarm that characterize the disease. However, laboratory tests do not support the clinical evidences of the disease. The prevalence of the various severe types of dengue was low, which points towards a relationship between early clinical management and satisfactory evolution, and suggests that the clinical method constitutes an effective tool for decision-making(AU)

Utilidad de la identificación de los signos de alarma en niños y adolescentes con dengue / Usefulness of warning signs´ identification in children and adolescents with dengue

Introducción: El dengue es una enfermedad capaz de producir extravasación importante de plasma con hipovolemia y choque, signos frecuentes de gravedad y causa de muerte. Objetivo: Valorar la utilidad de la identificación de los signos de alarma en niños y adolescentes con dengue. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de 110 pacientes (0-18 años de edad y de ambos sexos) quienes presentaron signos de alarma de dengue grave y se trataron con soluciones cristaloides por vía intravenosa durante su ingreso hospitalario y un número igual de pacientes que no tuvieron esos signos y no requirieron dicho tratamiento. Se aplicó retrospectivamente la clasificación de la OMS 2009 y se comparó con la precedente de1977. Resultados: Los signos de alarma encontrados con mayor frecuencia fueron: dolor abdominal intenso y mantenido (50 por ciento) y vómitos repetidos 3 o más en 4 horas (34,3 por ciento, que aparecieron durante el dia de la defervescencia en 46 por ciento de los pacientes y la mitad mostró ascitis. Después de seis horas de tratamiento con soluciones cristaloides por vía intravenosa, el porcentaje de pacientes con dolor abdominal disminuyó a 30 por ciento, y el de pacientes con signos de bajo gasto cardiaco (hipotensión) disminuyó de 30 a 10 por ciento. No hubo fallecidos. Conclusiones: Los signos alarma del dengue grave cuya identificación ha sido recomendada por OMS y OPS y tambien en las Guías Cubanas, tienen especial importancia en la atención de niños y adolescentes hospitalizados y demostrada su utilidad tanto en la prevencion del agravamiento como en la mejoria del cuadro grave cuando fue tratado en sus inicios(AU)

Introduction: Dengue is a disease that is capable of producing an important plasma extravasation with hypovolaemia and shock, which are frequent signs of seriousness and causes of death. Objective: To value the usefulness of warning signs identification in children and adolescents with dengue. Methods: A prospective study was carried out to 110 children (0-18 years old, both sexes) at Dr. Angel A. Aballi University Pediatric Hospital who had confirmed dengue´s warning signs and were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and treated with crystalloids solutions by intravenous route. An equivalent number of confirmed dengue patients who did not have warning signs nor received that treatment were the control group. Clinical data and the results of laboratory tests were recorded since patients were admitted in the Intensive Care (ICU) and after 6 hours of treatment. The 2009 World Health Organization (WHO) Dengue Classification was used to classify patients retrospectively and a comparison was made with the WHO 1977 Dengue Classification. Results: Clinical warning signs that were more frequently identified were: intensive and continuous abdominal pain (50 percent) and frequent vomiting (3 or more in 4 hours) (34.3 percent) that appeared during defervescence (46 percent of patients), and half of them presented ascites. After 6 hours of treatment with the crystalloids solutions, the number of patients with abdominal pain decreased to 30 percent and those with low cardiac output (hypotension) from 35 percent to 10 percent. No fatalities occurred. Conclusions: Warning signs of severe dengue, which identification has been recommended by WHO and PAHO and also in the Cuban Guidelines, has special importance in the care of hospitalized children and adolescents; and it was demonstrated its usefulness in the prevention of severity as in the improvement of the signs of severity when those were treated in the onset period(AU)

Study of electrolytes in patients of Dengue in a tertiary care hospital in India

Background: Dengue is a mosquito borne viral infection. It is the most common arboviral disease globally. In the year 2017, India had 1,53,635 cases of dengue with 226 deaths. Electrolyte disturbances reported in dengue infection are hyponatremia, hypokalaemia and hyperchloremia. Considering the serious nature of effects of dyselectrolytemias and high incidence of dengue in India, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding about electrolyte disturbances in Dengue, so as to predict, diagnose and treat them accordingly.Methods: This study was performed in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India. The study was a prospective observational cross-sectional study. 150 Patients diagnosed with Dengue were enrolled for the study. Patients’ demographic data, clinical history, examination findings and investigations including electrolyte values were recorded and analysed.Results: A higher incidence of dengue was seen in young age group among admitted patients (74%). Hyponatremia (45.33%) and Hypokalaemia (10.60%) were more commonly observed than hypernatremia (3.33%) and hyperkalaemia (3.33%). Hypochloraemia (6.66%) was seen slightly more than hyperchloraemia (6.00%). Fever was Present in 98.66%, retro orbital headache in 86.66%, vomiting in 56.00%, joint pain in 69.00%, lethargy in 70.66%, breathlessness in 36.00%, bleeding in 8.66%, abdominal pain /tenderness in 18.00%. 85.00% had low platelet count, 30.66% had low hemoglobin and 36.66% had leucopenia. Haematocrit was found to be less in 27.33% and high in 1.33%.Conclusions: From the above results we concluded that, there is a need to have a degree of suspicion about dyselectrolytemias while managing patients with Dengue. Also, patients need to be subjected to necessary lab investigations early during management so that if abnormalities are found, they can be promptly and appropriately managed as some of these abnormalities may lead to increased severity as well as mortality.